what is EMB?
Answer: eosin methylene blue dye that inhibits gram + from growing
what is EMB?
Answer: eosin methylene blue dye that inhibits gram + from growing
Answer: eosin methylene blue dye that inhibits gram + from growing
what is the total coliform rule?
what is the total coliform rule?
Answer: technique involving concentrating bacteria in a 250 mL of water to determine how many coliform are in it
what method did we use when we did a quantitative analysis of water?
what method did we use when we did a quantitative analysis of water?
Answer: total coliform rule
what are the three different things a coliform must have?
what are the three different things a coliform must have?
Answer:
gram -
bacillus (rod shaped)
lactose +
what is a coliform?
what is a coliform?
Answer: group of bacteria that includes a lot of genera; "coli-like" and usually not a pathogen
what does bacteriocidal mean?
what does bacteriocidal mean?
Answer: kills bacteria
what does bacteriostatic mean?
what does bacteriostatic mean?
Answer: inhibits the growth
what is the oldest antibiotic?
what is the oldest antibiotic?
Answer: penicillin
what is the major concern with antibiotics?
what is the major concern with antibiotics?
Answer: resistance
What is the Kirby-Bauer Disc Assay?
What is the Kirby-Bauer Disc Assay?
Answer: standardized diffusion procedure with filtering paper discs on agar to determine the drug susceptibility of microorganism isolated from infectious processes
what did we use for our dye in the simple staining technique?
what did we use for our dye in the simple staining technique?
Answer: crystal violet
what was used as the counterstain in the gram staining procedure?
what was used as the counterstain in the gram staining procedure?
Answer: safranin
what was used as the decolorizing agent during the gram staining procedure?
what was used as the decolorizing agent during the gram staining procedure?
Answer: ethyl alcohol
what was the second stain used in the gram staining procedure?
what was the second stain used in the gram staining procedure?
Answer: gram's iodine
what was used as the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure?
what was used as the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure?
Answer: crystal violet
what are the four different reagents used in the gram stain?
what are the four different reagents used in the gram stain?
Answer:
crystal violet
gram's iodine
ethyl alcohol
safranin
what does the gram stain determine?
what does the gram stain determine?
Answer: whether it is gram + or gram-
what is the most important differential stain used in microbiology?
what is the most important differential stain used in microbiology?
Answer: Gram Stain
what removes the primary stain from the cell?
what removes the primary stain from the cell?
Answer: decolorizing agent
what is differential staining?
what is differential staining?
Answer: staining that requires the use of at least 4 chemical reagents
what happens during simple staining?
what happens during simple staining?
Answer: a bacterial smear is stained with a single reagent
what is an example of an acidic stain?
what is an example of an acidic stain?
Answer: eosin
what is an example of a basic stain?
what is an example of a basic stain?
Answer: methylene blue
what are the four things that we did to isolate a pure culture?
what are the four things that we did to isolate a pure culture?
Answer:
streak sections
inoculate broth tube
spread bacteria on plate
stab a slant
what is the purpose of stabbing a slant?
what is the purpose of stabbing a slant?
Answer: it will represent the growth of a single bacteria species and is designed as pure; this is to determine if it needs oxygen to grow or not
what is subculturing?
what is subculturing?
Answer: the technique of transferring microorganisms from one medium to another; this is done by streaking the bacteria and inoculating a broth tube
what is transient microflora?
what is transient microflora?
Answer: microorganism that are less permanent and present for only a short periods
what is resident microflora?
what is resident microflora?
Answer: normal flora of microorganisms that does not cause negative effects in healthy individuals
what is the primary function of dendritic cells?
what is the primary function of dendritic cells?
Answer: recognize pathogens and activate other immune cells by antigen presentation
what is the primary function of monocytes/macrophages?
what is the primary function of monocytes/macrophages?
Answer: ingest and destroy invaders; antigen presentation
what is the primary function of lymphocytes?
what is the primary function of lymphocytes?
Answer: specific responses to invaders, including antibody production
what is the primary function of eosinophils?
what is the primary function of eosinophils?
Answer: destroy invaders, particularly antibody coated parasites and produce antihistamines
what is the primary function of neutrophils?
what is the primary function of neutrophils?
Answer: ingest and destroy invaders
what is the primary function of basophils?
what is the primary function of basophils?
Answer: release chemicals (histamines) that mediate inflammation and allergic responses
what percentage of WBC do lymphocytes make up?
what percentage of WBC do lymphocytes make up?
Answer: 20-35%
what percentage of WBC do monocytes and macrophages make up?
what percentage of WBC do monocytes and macrophages make up?
Answer: 1-6%
What percentage of WBC do eosinophils make up?
What percentage of WBC do eosinophils make up?
Answer: 1-3%
what are the most numerous of the WBC, making up 50-70%?
what are the most numerous of the WBC, making up 50-70%?
Answer: neutrophils
what are the most rare of the WBC?
what are the most rare of the WBC?
Answer: Basophils
what are the different types of WBC?
what are the different types of WBC?
Answer:
basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes/macrophages
lymphocytes
dendritic cells
what type of bacteria would you find in your gut?
what type of bacteria would you find in your gut?
Answer: gram - bacilli'=
what type of bacteria are usually found on your skin/hands?
what type of bacteria are usually found on your skin/hands?
Answer: gram + staphylococcus
what is the purpose for streaking a bacteria?
what is the purpose for streaking a bacteria?
Answer: to isolate a pure culture
What happens to the number of white blood cells when you have a bacterial infection?
What happens to the number of white blood cells when you have a bacterial infection?
Answer: WBC will be high, especially the neutrophils
how is creatine an ergogenic aid?
how is creatine an ergogenic aid?
Answer: used to replenish ATP in explosive activities
how is GHB a ergogenic aid?
how is GHB a ergogenic aid?
Answer: it is a CNS depressant
what are ergogenic aids
what are ergogenic aids
Answer: any substance that is used to improve exercise and athletic performance
what is fluid requirement dependent on?
what is fluid requirement dependent on?
Answer: the environment
when is it critical to replace glycogen stores?
when is it critical to replace glycogen stores?
Answer: the first 4-6 hours after activity
what is the most accurate way to monitor fluid losses?
what is the most accurate way to monitor fluid losses?
Answer: weighing before and after exercise
what are three vitamins/minerals that the requirements for athletes are greater?
what are three vitamins/minerals that the requirements for athletes are greater?
Answer:
b vitamins (energy metabolism)
calcium (muscle contractions and bone density)
iron
what are some signs of heat stroke?
what are some signs of heat stroke?
Answer: hot, dry skin, vomiting, increase in body temp, rapid pulse
what are some signs of heat exhaustion?
what are some signs of heat exhaustion?
Answer: excessive sweating, cold and clammy hands, weakness, headache
what are heat cramps?
what are heat cramps?
Answer: muscle spasms that occur during or hours after exercise or strenuous labor
what is heat syncope?
what is heat syncope?
Answer: dizziness when people stand too long in the heat and their blood pools in lower extremities
what are some high quality protein sources?
what are some high quality protein sources?
Answer: lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, low fat dairy products, legumes, soy products
who might need to consume more protein?
who might need to consume more protein?
Answer: vegetarians, vegans, those with low energy intakes, young athletes that are growing
what are the protein needs for active people?
what are the protein needs for active people?
Answer: 1.0-1.8 grams/kg body weight
what is the recommended fat intake?
what is the recommended fat intake?
Answer: 20-35%
what are side effects of carbohydrate loading?
what are side effects of carbohydrate loading?
Answer: can make someone feel bloated and heavy, extreme gastrointestinal distress and diarrhea
who is carbohydrate loading good for?
who is carbohydrate loading good for?
Answer: endurance athletes involved in marathons, long distance swimming, cross country skiing, triathlons
when should carbohydrates be consumed?
when should carbohydrates be consumed?
Answer: following exercise
what is the AMDR for carb intake?
what is the AMDR for carb intake?
Answer: 45-65%
when do we use fats for energy?
when do we use fats for energy?
Answer: at rest or lower intensity
when do we use carbohydrates for energy?
when do we use carbohydrates for energy?
Answer: during maximal exercise
how is glucose stored in muscle?
how is glucose stored in muscle?
Answer: as glycogen
what do carbs specifically use for energy for activity?
what do carbs specifically use for energy for activity?
Answer: glucose because it provides quick energy through glycolysis
creatine phosphate supports maximal physical effort for how long?
creatine phosphate supports maximal physical effort for how long?
Answer: 3-15 seconds with intense and brief bursts of energy
what is the role of creatine phosphate?
what is the role of creatine phosphate?
Answer: can be broken down for energy and used to regenerate ATP
How long can muscle cells store enough ATP to maintain activity?
How long can muscle cells store enough ATP to maintain activity?
Answer: 1-3 seconds
what is the common currency of energy for virtually all cells in the body?
what is the common currency of energy for virtually all cells in the body?
Answer: ATP
what is atrophy?
what is atrophy?
Answer: decrease in size/strength when muscles are not worked adequately
what is hypertrophy?
what is hypertrophy?
Answer: gain in muscle strength/size from repeated work that overloads the body
what are two things that can happen with inappropriate levels of fitness?
what are two things that can happen with inappropriate levels of fitness?
Answer: hypertrophy and atrophy
what will motivate an individual to stay active?
what will motivate an individual to stay active?
Answer: both intrinsic and extrinsic factors; enjoyment or fun
what are some ergogenic aids to increase energy levels?
what are some ergogenic aids to increase energy levels?
Answer:
cafeeine
Ephedrine
Carnitine
Chromium
Ribose
what are some ergogenic aids for muscle mass/strength?
what are some ergogenic aids for muscle mass/strength?
Answer:
anabolic steroids
DHEA
GHB
Creatine
Protein and amino acid supplements
what should you be aware of when buying ergogenic aids?
what should you be aware of when buying ergogenic aids?
Answer:
maybe not be effective
some have harmful side effects
most are expensive
many not adequately studied
what can happen if active people do not get enough fluid?
what can happen if active people do not get enough fluid?
Answer:
heat syncope (dizziness)
heat cramps (muscle spasms)
heat exhaustion
heat stroke
what are functions of water?
what are functions of water?
Answer:
lubricant
transportation
chemical reactions
structure of tissues
temperature regulation
when athletes use fat, what are some reasons why they are considered better "fat burners"?
when athletes use fat, what are some reasons why they are considered better "fat burners"?
Answer:
increased number &activity of enzymes involved infant metabolism
improved ability of muscles to store fat
improve ability to extract fat from blood for use during exercise
reserves carbohydrate for intense activity
what is the process of carbohydrate loading?
what is the process of carbohydrate loading?
Answer: alter training and carb intake to maximize glycogen storage
what is another name for carbohydrate loading?
what is another name for carbohydrate loading?
Answer: glycogen loading
why do athletes need carbs?
why do athletes need carbs?
Answer:
after exercise
to optimize glycogen storage
What extension of a filename is typically associated with a static Web page?
What extension of a filename is typically associated with a static Web page?
Answer: .html
A request and response for a file are made by
A request and response for a file are made by
Answer: a client and a server
To make it easier to enter names into your code, NetBeans provides a feature known as
To make it easier to enter names into your code, NetBeans provides a feature known as
Answer: auto-completion
Which of the following is NOT a database server that can be used for dynamic Web pages?
Which of the following is NOT a database server that can be used for dynamic Web pages?
Answer: Python
When HTML was first developed, Web pages were typically
When HTML was first developed, Web pages were typically
Answer: static
The first part of a URL is called the
The first part of a URL is called the
Answer: protocol
To run a PHP application that has been deployed on your own computer, you can enter a URL in the address bar of your browser that
To run a PHP application that has been deployed on your own computer, you can enter a URL in the address bar of your browser that
Answer: uses localhost as the domain name
To deploy a PHP application on your own computer, you copy the application root directory to
To deploy a PHP application on your own computer, you copy the application root directory to
Answer: the htdocs directory of the Apache server
The HTTP response for a dynamic web page is passed
The HTTP response for a dynamic web page is passed
Answer: from the web server to the browser
A web application is a type of _____ .
A web application is a type of _____ .
Answer: client/server application
The equality operator consists of two _____ signs and performs a different function than the one performed by the assignment operator that consists of a single sign.
The equality operator consists of two _____ signs and performs a different function than the one performed by the assignment operator that consists of a single sign.
Answer: equal
A _____ contains a value that does not change during the course of program execution.
A _____ contains a value that does not change during the course of program execution.
Answer: constant
_____ are used in PHP to perform mathematical calculations, such as addition.
_____ are used in PHP to perform mathematical calculations, such as addition.
Answer: Arithmetic operators
A _____ value is a value of true or false.
A _____ value is a value of true or false.
Answer: Boolean
How many data types are used by PHP?
How many data types are used by PHP?
Answer: six
A(n) _____ is a positive or negative number with no decimal places.
A(n) _____ is a positive or negative number with no decimal places.
Answer: integer
What will $future_value contain after the for loop that follows has been executed one time?
What will $future_value contain after the for loop that follows has been executed one time?
Answer:
$years = 10;
$annual_rate = 10;
$future_value = 1000;
$annual_rate = $annual_rate / 100;>br>for ($i = 1; $i <= $years; $i++ ) {
$future_value = $future_value * (1 + $annual_rate);
}
1100
If $total_months has a value of 13, what does $message contain after this if statement is executed?
If $total_months has a value of 13, what does $message contain after this if statement is executed?
Answer:
$years = $total_months/12;
$years = number_format($years);
$months = $total_months % 12:
if ( $years == 0 ) {
$messgae = $months . "months";
} else if ( $months == 0 ) {
$messgae = $years . "years";
} else {
$message = $years . "years, and " . $months . " months";
}
1 years, and 1 months
To round and format the value of a variable named $number to 3 decimal places and store it in a variable named $number_formatted, you code:
To round and format the value of a variable named $number to 3 decimal places and store it in a variable named $number_formatted, you code:
Answer: $number_formatted = number_format($number, 3);
A PHP variable name:
A PHP variable name:
Answer: is case-sensitive
Which of the following is NOT a common MySQL data type?
Which of the following is NOT a common MySQL data type?
Answer: DBL
Which of the following is NOT a common MySQL privilege?
Which of the following is NOT a common MySQL privilege?
Answer: ORDER BY
What type of SQL statement is used to assign user privileges in MySQL?
What type of SQL statement is used to assign user privileges in MySQL?
Answer: GRANT
When you code a DELETE statement, you usually need to include:
When you code a DELETE statement, you usually need to include:
Answer: a WHERE clause
If vendorName contains string data and invoiceTotal contains decimal values, how will the result set be ordered?
If vendorName contains string data and invoiceTotal contains decimal values, how will the result set be ordered?
Answer: alphabetically starting with Z
A join that returns records from related tables only if their related fields match is called:
A join that returns records from related tables only if their related fields match is called:
Answer: an inner join
The column definition for a MySQL table can be used to determine all but one of the following. Which one is it?
The column definition for a MySQL table can be used to determine all but one of the following. Which one is it?
Answer: what range of values the column can contain
What does a relational database use to uniquely identify each row in a table?
What does a relational database use to uniquely identify each row in a table?
Answer: primary keys
Which of the following is an object that contains information about an error that occurred?
Which of the following is an object that contains information about an error that occurred?
Answer: exception
Which PHP class can be used to connect to a MySQL database?
Which PHP class can be used to connect to a MySQL database?
Answer: PDO
If a PHP array contains 7 elements, what is the number of the index of the seventh element?
If a PHP array contains 7 elements, what is the number of the index of the seventh element?
Answer: 6
Which of the following is a class used for errors thrown by the PDO library?
Which of the following is a class used for errors thrown by the PDO library?
Answer: PDIException
Which keyword is used to create an object from a class in PHP?
Which keyword is used to create an object from a class in PHP?
Answer: new
To execute a prepared SQL statement, you can use the _____ and execute methods of the PDOStatement object to set parameter values and execute the statement.
To execute a prepared SQL statement, you can use the _____ and execute methods of the PDOStatement object to set parameter values and execute the statement.
Answer: bindValue
Which of the following can be used to get the data from an array that contains all rows of a result set?
Which of the following can be used to get the data from an array that contains all rows of a result set?
Answer: foreach statement
The _____ for a MySQL connection specifies the host computer for the MySQL database and the name of the database.
The _____ for a MySQL connection specifies the host computer for the MySQL database and the name of the database.
Answer: DSN (Data Source Name)
To handle exceptions, first you code a/an _____ around any PHP statements that might throw an exception.
To handle exceptions, first you code a/an _____ around any PHP statements that might throw an exception.
Answer: try block
A/An _____ is an object that contains information about an error.
A/An _____ is an object that contains information about an error.
Answer: exception
Which function can be used to redirect a request to another URL?
Which function can be used to redirect a request to another URL?
Answer: header
When creating a function, _____ can be included in the parentheses that follow the name.
When creating a function, _____ can be included in the parentheses that follow the name.
Answer: parameters
Which of the following consists of the PHP and HTML files that represent the user interface of the application?
Which of the following consists of the PHP and HTML files that represent the user interface of the application?
Answer: view
Which function can be used to forward a request from one PHP file to another?
Which function can be used to forward a request from one PHP file to another?
Answer: include
What does the acronym MVC stand for?
What does the acronym MVC stand for?
Answer: Module-View-Controller
Which of the following is a term that refers to modifying the organization or structure of an application?
Which of the following is a term that refers to modifying the organization or structure of an application?
Answer: refactoring
One reason for using the header function to redirect a request
One reason for using the header function to redirect a request
Answer: is to have a PHP file run itself again
When you use the header function to redirect a request,
When you use the header function to redirect a request,
Answer: a response is returned to the browser that tells it to request another page
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using the MVC pattern for an application?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using the MVC pattern for an application?
Answer: the application runs more efficiently
When you use the MVC pattern, the controller gets the HTTP requests and then directs the use of the files that represents:
When you use the MVC pattern, the controller gets the HTTP requests and then directs the use of the files that represents:
Answer: the model and the view
What is the goal of debugging an application before it is put into production?
What is the goal of debugging an application before it is put into production?
Answer: fix all errors
Which type of error is considered the easiest to fix?
Which type of error is considered the easiest to fix?
Answer: syntax
Which type of error does not violate the rules for how PHP statements must be written but still will cause the PHP interpreter to display errors?
Which type of error does not violate the rules for how PHP statements must be written but still will cause the PHP interpreter to display errors?
Answer: runtime
What is the goal of testing an application before it is put into production?
What is the goal of testing an application before it is put into production?
Answer: find all errors
Which type of error is often the most difficult to find and fix?
Which type of error is often the most difficult to find and fix?
Answer: logic
Which of the following lists the functions in the reverse order in which they were called?
Which of the following lists the functions in the reverse order in which they were called?
Answer: stack trace
Which type of error does not cause the PHP interpreter to display errors, but may produce incorrect output?
Which type of error does not cause the PHP interpreter to display errors, but may produce incorrect output?
Answer: logic
The type of error that does not violate syntax rules, but causes the PHP interpreter to display errors is called
The type of error that does not violate syntax rules, but causes the PHP interpreter to display errors is called
Answer: runtime error
The goal of testing is to
The goal of testing is to
Answer: find all errors in the application
A(n) _____ provides a way for a database management system to locate information more quickly.
A(n) _____ provides a way for a database management system to locate information more quickly.
Answer: index
Which of the following can a select statement NOT do to the data in a table?
Which of the following can a select statement NOT do to the data in a table?
Answer: Delete the rows
Denormalization typically results in all but one of the following. Which one is it?
Denormalization typically results in all but one of the following. Which one is it?
Answer: more complicated SQL coding
How many error modes are available when using PDO to execute SQL statements?
How many error modes are available when using PDO to execute SQL statements?
Answer: 3
Which of the following methods of using PHP to connect to a MySQL database allows you to write code that is portable across different database servers?
Which of the following methods of using PHP to connect to a MySQL database allows you to write code that is portable across different database servers?
Answer: PDO MySQL driver extension
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